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Domain Name Information |
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Know How DNS Works
Domain name Servers (DNS) are an important but invisible part of the internet, and form one of the largest databases on it. Each machine on an internet is assigned a unique address, called an IP address, which is 32 bit number and is expressed as 4 octets. The method user to represent these IP addresses is known as dotted decimal Notation". A typical address looks like this: 199.249.150.4 It is very difficult to keep in mind the IP addresses of all the websites we visit daily, because it's not easy to remember strings of numbers. However, we do remember words. This is where domain names come into the picture. If you want to connect to a particular site, you need to know its IP address but do need to know its URL. The DNS gets the mappings of the IP addresses and the corresponding names. Names and numbers DNS converts the machine names (such as www.xyz.com) to IP addresses (such as 199.249.150.9). Basically, it translates from a name to an address and from an address to a name. The mapping from the IP address to the machine name is called reverse mapping. When you type http://www.xyz.com into your browser, the browser first needs to get the IP address of www.xyz.com. The machine uses a directory service to look up IP addresses and this service is called DNS. When you type www.xyz.com your machines firsts contacts a DNS server, asking it to find the IP address for www.xyz.com. This DNS server might then contact other DNS servers on the internet. DNS is therefore is considered as the global network of servers. The great advantage of DNS is that no organization is responsible for updating it. It is what is known as distributed database. The three letter codes A DNS server is just a computer that's running the DNS software. The most popular DNS software is BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) DNS is hierarchical, tree-structured system. The top is donated by'.'. And is known as the root of the system. Below the root there are seven immediate sub domain nodes and these are 'com', 'org', 'gov', 'mil', 'net', 'edu', 'Int', etc. DNS consists of two components Nameserver: This performs the task of looking up the names. Usually, there is one nameserver for a cluster of machines. If the nameserver does not contain the requested information, it will contact another nameserver. But it is not required for every server to know how to contact every other server. Every nameserver will know how to contact the root nameserver, and this in turn will know the location of every authoritative nameserver for all the second level domains. Resolver: This runs on a client machine to initiate DNS lookups. It contains a list of nameservers to use. As we have read, the function of each of these nameservers is to resolve name queries. There are three types of nameservers-primary nameserver, secondary nameserver, and caching nameserver. The secondary nameservers are configured for backup purposes. Caching nameservers only resolve name queries but do not maintain any DNS database files. It is important to note here that any change to primary nameservers needs to be propagated to secondary nameservers. This is because primary nameservers own the database records. The changes are propagated via a 'zone transfer'. HOW 'CACHING"WORKS DNS uses principle of 'caching' for its operation. When a nameservers receives Information about a mapping, it caches this information .further queries for the same mapping will use this cached result, thereby reducing the search cost. The nameservers don't cache forever. The caching has a component called time to live (TTL) and the TTL determines how long a server will cache a piece of information. So when the nameservers caches receive an IP address, it receives the TTL with it. The nameserver caches the IP address for the period of time then discards it. When a process needs to determine an IP address given a DNS address, it calls upon the local host to resolve the address. This can be done in variety of ways: Table look up. On UNIX hosts, the table is /etc/hosts. The process communicates with a local nameservers. This is named on a UNIX system. By sending a massage to the remote system that is identified from the information in the file/etc/resolve.conf. When a nameserver receives a query for a domain that is does not serve, it may send back a referral to the client by specifying better nameservers. Typically operate in the recursive manner wherein any DNS server passes requests it cannot handle to higher level server and so on, until either the request can be handled or until the root of the DNS name space is reached. The nameservers contain pointers to other nameserver with the help of which it is possible to traverse the entire domain naming hierarchy. A host with the initial nameserver addresses has to be configured. After this, it is able to use DNS protocols to locate the nameserver responsible for any part or the DNS naming hierarchy. Thus when a nameserver receives a request, it can do one of the following: It can answer the request with an IP address. This method is called iterative. In this, the client simply asks the server to resolve a domain name. The server accesses its database, finds its IP address and sends that back. If the server does not find the address, it sends back an error ;DNS not found'). Contact another nameserver and try to find the IP address for the requested name. Send back a referral to the client specifying the IP address of better nameservers. A popular user interface, called 'nslookup'is available on the UNIX system. With this, you can perform any DNS function. This program also displays the result to the user. Using is nslookup, you can obtain a listing of all the hosts in a zone. In order to do this, you first need to identify the nameserver for the zone. The threats that are associated with the DNS are due to the lack of integrity and authenticity checking of the data held within the DNS. Also, other protocols can use host names as an access control mechanism. The internet engineering task force (IETF) has come up with DNS security (DNSSEC) extensions to DNS protocol. The main objective to DNSSEC is to provide authentication and integrity to the DNS. These are provided through the use of cryptographic' About The Author Pawan Bangar, Visit us at: www.birbals.com, www.ebirbals.com, www.hbirbals.com, www.seobirbals.com
MORE RESOURCES: 15 end user domain name sales up to $85,000 Domain Name Wire WordPress Offers New 100-Year Domain Name Registrations Search Engine Journal Google Ads To Stop Placing Your Ads On Parked Domains By Default Search Engine Roundtable DNIB.com Reports Internet Has 364.3 Million Domain Name Registrations at the End of the Fourth Quarter of 2024 Business Wire Delhi HC Restrains Gambling Sites BaaziAdda, Baazi247 From Using Infringing Domains - BW Legal World Rise of Web3 Domains: Are They Worth the Investment? Analytics Insight Countries that have cashed in on their top-level domain names The Associated Press Did Halliburton file a cybersquatting complaint against itself? Domain Name Wire Liverpool FC loses cybersquatting domain dispute Domain Name Wire Domains, hosting, and public policy – DNW Podcast #522 Domain Name Wire Introducing a centralized decentralized DNS system Domain Name Wire 15 companies that just bought domains on the domain name aftermarket Domain Name Wire WordPress introduces 100-year domain registrations Domain Name Wire New domain registrar already in breach of accreditation agreement Domain Name Wire January’s hot domain name stories Domain Name Wire D3 raises $25 million Series A Domain Name Wire Local Networks Go Global When Domain Names Collide Krebs on Security 10 new end user domain name sales Domain Name Wire Namecheap scores deal to sell expiring .AI domain names Domain Name Wire Set your Bluesky handle to a custom domain name TheServerSide.com DNIB.com Reports Internet Has 362.3 Million Domain Name Registrations at the End of the Third Quarter of 2024 Business Wire Meta demands control of domain registrar’s 35.com domain name Domain Name Wire Recent end user domain name sales: Domain Name Wire Online gambling company tries reverse domain name hijacking Domain Name Wire Backpage.com in Pending Delete Status (Update) DomainInvesting.com .IO domain names aren’t going away Domain Name Wire Seattle bar Monkey Loft tries reverse domain name hijacking Domain Name Wire My thoughts on last week’s ICANN meeting in Istanbul Domain Name Wire .AI domain names are the next big thing on the internet. That’s great news for Anguilla Fast Company D3 raises $25M to put internet domain names on the blockchain SiliconANGLE News 20 holiday end user domain name sales Domain Name Wire MicroStrategy rebrands as Strategy, (kind of) using Strategy.com Domain Name Wire Don’t Let Your Domain Name Become a “Sitting Duck” Krebs on Security Sui Name Service (NS) surges in price, is this a potential project or just a flash in the pan? PANews Exclusive: Domain registration startup D3 raises $25 million from Paradigm to launch Doma blockchain Fortune End user domain name sales up to £300,000 Domain Name Wire End user domain name sales up to $50,000 Domain Name Wire These keywords are hot in the domain name aftermarket Domain Name Wire 11 recent end user domain name sales Domain Name Wire October’s top domain name stories Domain Name Wire Top 25 domain name registrars Domain Name Wire Sedo end user domain name sales: blockchain, AI, and more Domain Name Wire .Ai approaches 600k domains as handoff nears Domain Name Wire Google to launch .channel domain in February Domain Name Wire Shopify buys pair of domain names from Emerge Commerce Financial Post 13 end user domain name sales from this week: Domain Name Wire Black Friday: $4.49 .com, $9.99 .io at Name.com Domain Name Wire How domain name stocks performed in 2024 Domain Name Wire Blackrock files cybersquatting suit against 32 domain names Domain Name Wire 13 end user domain name sales this week: Domain Name Wire OpenAI just spent millions on a domain name Capacity Media SPACE ID launches 1st TON-based domain name on DuckChain GlobeNewswire Domain Name Disputes And Online Enforcement In Türkiye - Trademark - Turkey Mondaq News Alerts Top 11 Most Popular Domains Alibaba.com Behind the shift from traditional to descriptive domain names — and what it means for your brand Business Insider Identity Digital inks .ai domain deal with Anguilla Domain Name Wire 10 end user domain name sales at Sedo this week Domain Name Wire Amazon launches .deal and .now top level domains Domain Name Wire 3DNS gets patent for blockchain-based domain name registrar Domain Name Wire 11 recent end user domain name sales Domain Name Wire My no good first half of 2024 Domain Name Wire How domain registrars have increased .com prices Domain Name Wire The New Name For ChatGPT? Forbes Making Domain Names Safe and Reliable Homeland Security |
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